Terrorism and Homeland Security Essay Example for Free

Terrorism and Homeland Security Essay Left-wing extremists are highly idealistic. Their primary objective is to reform or destroy an existing system and replace it with a new and just society. Left-wing extremists possess a belief system that is often interpreted as a fanatical devotion to Marxist ideology. As a result, they use the doctrines of class warfare or national liberation as a justification for political violence. For left-wing extremists, taking up arms is a form of struggle against a despotic system, class or government. In addition, they view themselves as the messianic saviors of the poor and the oppressed. Studies of Marxist movements in the 21st century has revealed that in order to bring about their desired social change, left-wing extremists adopt a â€Å"vanguard strategy† (p. 223). This approach operates on the premise that revolutionary conditions are the results of a generalized climate of change that was developed over time. Revolutionary conditions rarely occur spontaneously – only a committed and disciplined revolutionary movement has the capacity to come up with it. The revolutionary movement (usually composed of disaffected young educated elite) creates revolutionary conditions by raising the political consciousness of the exploited class or group. In the context of leftist extremism, â€Å"political consciousness† refers to the belief that revolution is the best alternative to the corrupt status quo. As soon as the desired revolutionary conditions are attained, the revolutionary movement sees to it that these are maintained. In the process, the revolutionary movement becomes the â€Å"vanguard† of the subjugated class or group. The former â€Å"saves† them from a repressive system, as well as â€Å"protects† them from it. An example that illustrates the â€Å"vanguard strategy† is the Russian Vanguard of the Proletariat. Lenin and the Bolsheviks required the members of the Russian Communist Party to be the â€Å"vanguard of the proletariat† (p. 234). They were the â€Å"elite† who were expected to transform Russia into a Communist society by bringing about the revolution. They were to free the proletariat from the tyranny of the nobles by educating them on Marxist doctrines. Right-wing extremists, on the other hand, are very nostalgic. They affirm their superiority usually by looking back on past glories. In the process, right-wing extremists use these previous achievements as justifications for violence. For them, carnage is acceptable as long as it is used to maintain the purity of a religion, ethno-national group or an ideology. Right-wing extremists believe that they have the moral obligation to protect an ideal order that was â€Å"violated† or â€Å"destroyed† by â€Å"inferior† religious values or ethno-national interests. For them, the restoration of this ideal order is the only way to lasting peace and prosperity in society. Anyone who opposes must be eliminated through all possible means – even violence. Consequently, right-wing extremism is very prevalent in organizations that represent groups that have a distinctive identity, such as regional minorities and religious fundamentalists. Below are the common characteristics of right-wing organizations: a. Nationalism – The belief that only people of a specific nationality have the right to reside within a given country. Furthermore, these nationals likewise have the right to live in their country’s borders. b. Racism – The misconception that race is the main basis for all human traits and capabilities. c. Xenophobia – In the context of right-wing extremism, xenophobia is the fear of belief systems that deviate from the status quo. d. Antidemocracy – An aversion to the concept of pluralism in society. In order to achieve their goal homogeneity, right-wing extremists shun political activities that foster equality and democratic rule, such as popular elections. e. Strong State – Right-wing extremists advocate militarism under the guise of â€Å"protecting law and order. † For them, militarism is an effective means of eliminating â€Å"dissidents† (groups whom they deem â€Å"inferior†). References Martin, G. (2006). Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives and Issues (2nd ed. ). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Modernization of Health Practices in East Central :: essays research papers

The colonization of the western world brought on many changes for the indigenous people of Africa in every way of life. The Christian missionaries accomplished much more than just introducing their religion. They also exposed and converted Africans to western values and social beliefs. Health care practices were one of the things greatly influenced by the colonization. In my paper, I am focusing on the practices of the east central region of Africa, including the regions of Nigeria and (???). This region has common Bantu-speaking ancestors and commonalties among medicines and practices. The impact of the western world is easily recognizable because of the radical differences in thought between the Europeans and the Africans. At the time of colonization, European health care centered around science and reason. Most Africans, on the other hand, believed in more abstract, spiritual explanations for disease and illness. Religious practitioners had a big part in the healing process. The infiltration of western ideas sparked obvious changes and many times produced a combination of traditional healing along with western ideas. There were changes in health care practices even before the time of colonization and I will also give a brief history of this change to emphasize the fact that religion and practices are never stagnant. Brief history of people in East Central region African healing practices traditionally have strong ties with religion. They place an emphasis on holistic healing and believe in a mind-body connection. Divination is one technique that is often used to find the cause of a particular illness. "Since all human problems such as infertility, illness, and trouble in hunting, are ascribed to moral conflicts within the human community, the diviner's task is to disclose acts of immorality which have provoked the vengeance of the ancestors, and to reveal the destructive hand of witches and sorcerers." (Ray, 104). A diviner searches a person's past to find something that may be ascribed to the works of an outside source. They want to find the source of the problem before simply treating the symptoms. They also believe that once the source is found, a ceremony can be performed that may lead to the reversal of its effect. There is a strong belief that the cause of illness is in the mind, so when the treatment is foscused there, improvement in physical ailments may be seen. "Because illness and death are seen to be rooted in immoral acts, the diviner's role

Whap Chapter 15

Chapter 15 1. The economy of the Song Dynasty was one of the most prosperous and advanced economies in the medieval world. Monetary gain was assured from the vigorous overseas trade and indigenous trade along the Grand Canal and Yangzi River 2. The Tang Dynasty focused on education and foreign policy while the Song Dynasty focused on economic growth and the arts. 3. Under Emperor Taizong Li Shimin's wise governing, the national strength and social development of the Tang Dynasty reached an unparalleled prosperity – economy and commerce flourished, the social order was stable,corruption never existed. . Zhngguo translates traditionally as the â€Å"Middle Kingdom. † Only in the nineteenth century, Zhongguo became the common name for the country. During this time China expelled and Christians and outlawed the religion. They also started to become more internal and did not try to expand. 5. The Song eventually fell to the Mongols in 1279, who moved against the Southern Son g years after the forces of Genghis Khan had defeated the Jin.The Mongols had superior military organization and a better grasp of the advances in military technology 6. During the Sung dynasty the monumental detail began to emerge. A single bamboo shoot, flower,or bird provided the subject for a painting. Among those who excelled in flower painting was the Emperor Hui-tsung,who founded the imperial academy. 7. The most important technological innovation of the Ancient Period was the creation of the wheel. The wheel allowed humans to transport goods over long distances.People could also travel longer. 8. From the fifth century AD Confucian orthodoxy retreated before the popularity of Buddhism and Daoism. But a renaissance came during the Song dynasty when Confucianism responded to the challenge and developed its own metaphysics. This new trend is known as Neo-confucianism, and its main exponent was Zhu Xi (1130-1200). It subsequently became the main orthodoxy of the scholar official s until the demise of the imperial system in 1912. 9.Because of the remarkable durability of Chinese civilization as well as its marvelous technological and economic innovations, other cultures began to imitate China. Japan, Korea, and Vietnam were all drawn into China's cultural and political orbit in the post classical period. Each country interacted with China differently 10. It indicated that this person was of such high social status that she didn't have to do any work – that she could be carried from place to place by servants, that her every need would be catered to by others.

How Language Develops Within Individuals - 2333 Words

The main focus of this essay will be on how language develops within individuals. It will explore theories put forward by different linguists such as Skinner, and Chomsky. Different theories put forward by these two linguists will be analysed in detail such as, ‘behaviourism, ‘operant conditioning’ and ‘language acquisition theory.’ The essay will then move on to explore two disorders of language, (Down syndrome (DS) and Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)) by analysing previous research, and the different theories put forward by different linguists of how these disorders can effect language development within different individuals. Throughout the essay, attention will be given to the extent to which this can inform our understanding of how language typically develops, and this will also be discussed. ‘Interest in this cognitive domain stems from the fact that language is one of the most prominent markers of intellectual impairment, which affects development in many ways (e.g., academically, socially, personally).’ (Ypilsanti and Grouios 2008). In the 1950’s, Skinner put forward his theory about language and how it develops in children. His theory suggested that we as humans behave in the way we do due to consequences that we have experienced in the past through other people behaving or saying certain things. Skinner’s theory suggested that children grow to develop their language due to environmental cues around them, such as people talking around them, and giving them cues onShow MoreRelatedLanguage Between Language And Language1680 Words   |  7 PagesLanguage arose out of a need to communicate ideas and commands. Initially it was very basic, but in its current form language is very complex. It a adapted to the changing need of speakers. In this sense, language is a living entity which evolves in response to the changing cultural context in which it exists. Because language evolves in response to culture, the full quality of its meaning is derived from understanding the context in which it takes place. Edu cators must be aware of the socioculturalRead MoreRelationship Between Educational Staff And Children s Language And Literacy Learning1397 Words   |  6 Pages(Newsletter Artical) Explain the value of working in partnership with parents/families to support children’s language and literacy learning. The value of working in partnership with parents/ families is as follows, Firstly this is a collaborative relationship between Educational staff, the child/ student and their families. The value of working with parents and families to support children’s language and literacy are important as this gives the educational staff to communicate with the parties involvedRead MoreLanguage Struggle With Communication In Children1026 Words   |  5 PagesASD Individuals with ASD having varying degrees of language capabilities but all seem to struggle with communication, social aspects of language and knowing when to use specific social mannerisms. Only a very small percentage of individuals with ASD are fully non-verbal which could be attributed to treatment availability and the fact that high-functioning cases are easier to detect than they used to be. Language delay is often one of the first symptoms that parents notice in children with ASD.Read MoreHow Makaton Is Used By Children And Adults With Children With Disabilities1593 Words   |  7 Pagesbasic means of communication and encourages language development in children and adults with communication difficulties† (Mukherji et al, 2000, Pg. 94). The Makaton vocabulary was designed in 1972 by Marget Walker, she came up with the idea of Makaton through responding and working towards to needs of deaf adults with severe difficulties. Grove et al (1990) highlights that through working with these adults she was looking at signing to teach them language and communication skills. This shows that WalkerRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Self970 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween society and the individual. Mead describes the structure of the phases of the self through the Theory of Social Self, which includes the relationship and progression of the â€Å"I† and â€Å"me†, this then allows social processes to shape both the individual and society together through language, play, and game. Mead developed the Theory of Social Self to show how the self emerges from social interactions. According to Mead, at birth we do not have a self, however over time we develop self through socialRead MoreWhat Is The Importance Of Language In The Film Arrival1556 Words   |  7 Pages Individuals go through their everyday lives using language as a means to communicate with others. As individuals communicate, they speak the language but are only taking in what is on the surface. Words are being taken in but are not understood at a deeper level which can lead to a misunderstanding or miscommunication between both parties. This dilemma is demonstrated in the film Arrival, directed by Denis Villeneuve. The protagonists, Louse Banks and Ian Donnelly, are studying and learning theRead MoreAfrican Diaspora Identity : History, Race, Culture, And Language1147 Words   |  5 Pages Diaspora identity is when a group of individuals is displaced from a country of origin and must migrate to a new homeland. In some cases, the migration is forced whereas in others it is voluntary but forced through circumstances. The process of identity becomes central as those that migrate are forced to determine what it means to be a member of a new culture while still maintaining their own heritage and traditions. One way that culture can be honored is through literature. When considering diasporaRead MoreThe Theory Of Language Development1606 Words   |  7 PagesP1 Language development Biological approach- Noam Chomsky believes that the ability to develop any sort of communication and language is genetically programmed into us. Because children develop language very fast it is likely that the ability to use language is genetically programmed within us like standing and walking is. We need experience from people around us to use language but we do not need to be trained to speak. Behaviourist approach- B.F. Skinner believes that language is developed throughRead MoreChildren Of Secondary School Level, And The Process Of Referral Involved1415 Words   |  6 Pages and the process of referral involved. The report will demonstrate the support needs of an individual within the school and the common problems that may factor into the care and development of the child and how the school can support them, information detailing the strategies in place within the school and how staff within the school along with outer agencies collaborate together to insure each individuals needs are being met and the policies and procedures in place to insure the quality of the serviceRead MoreThe Curriculum And Expression Of A System Of Personal Values975 Words   |  4 PagesTeaching units are in place as a guide to teachers to the expectations of student development and learning. â€Å"The syllabus is designed to develop enjoyment of English and an appreciation of its value and role in learning.† (BOSTES, 2009) Within the 7-10 curriculum students are encouraged to engage with a range of texts that encompass broad uses of language and literature in many contexts from Shakespeare to children’s literature and advertisements. Students are examining these topics to â€Å"support the

The Perks Of Being A Wallflower By J. D. Salinger - 703 Words

In the novels The Perks Of Being a Wallflower and The Catcher In The Rye the protagonists share commonalities. This will be a comparison and contrasting of both novels. While both books share many things in common there are many things that differentiate the two. Both are considered very important parts of literature that have touched the life of many, both young and old. The authors, Stephen Chbosky author of The Perks Of Being A Wallflower and J. D. Salinger author of The Catcher in The Rye are both very well known writers. The Catcher In The Rye By J. D Salinger The Catcher in the Rye written by J. D. Salinger is a book written in 1951. IT is considered to be one of the greatest books, it has also become very controversial all throughout the world. We begin the book Narrated by Holden Caulfield, a 17 year old boy (by the end of the novel). Holden is speaking to us from a mental war inside of southern California. He begins the novel by telling us about events that happened during the previous December. The novel begins the Saturday after the end of classes at the Pencey prep school in Agerstown, Pennsylvania. The rest of the story is a long flashback constructed by Holden. Pencey is Holden’s fourth school; he has already been kicked out of three others.In Pencey he has failed 4 out of 5 classes. Holden is on the way to his teachers Spencer’s house. He has been expelled from Pencey Prep and is not to return the following Wednesday once Christmas break is over. He is notShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Stephen Chbosky s The Catcher Ry e And F. Scott Fitzgerald And Tennessee Williams1460 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluenced by J. D. Salinger s novels â€Å"The Catcher in The Rye†and F. Scott Fitzgerald and Tennessee Williams. â€Å"Elizabeth Thompson said in Stephen Biography that†He married Liz Chbosky on September 18, 2010, they had a daughter named Maccie who was born in August†(Thompson 3).The Perks of Being a Wallflower is an epistolary novel that follows an intellectual and emotional maturation of a teenager who uses the alias of Charlie over the course of his first year of high school. The Perks of Being a WallflowerRead MoreFinding Personal Identity in Literature Essay1443 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough the process of finding who they are. A prevalent theme throughout literature is the idea that over time one develops their identity through life over time, in contrast to being born with one identity and having the same one your whole life, this can be seen in works such as A Doll’s House, The Perks of being a Wallflower, and Catcher in the Catcher Rye. In life all it can take for someone to step out in a new identity, is one major event. In the play A Doll’s House, by Henrik Ibsen, we see thisRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagesschooling,[citation needed] while a Kà ¼nstlerroman (artist novel) is about the development of an artist and shows a growth of the self.[16] Furthermore, some memoirs and published journals can be regarded as Bildungsroman although being predominantly factual (an example being The Motorcycle Diaries by Ernesto Che Guevara).[17] The term is also more loosely used to describe coming-of-age films and related works in other genres. Examples[edit] Precursors[edit] Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, by Ibn Tufail (12th

Religion Is A Misrepresentation Of The Christian Perspective

Religion is a misrepresentation of the Christian perspective where men decide to use works and deeds to enter Heaven. Many government officials back in Jesus’ time aggressively took the message of God to turn into a confusing issue that would separate the Christian faith into different denominations. The denominations consider the Christian faith with their own perspective on controversial doctrines, such as Baptism, speaking in tongues, demon possession, or celebrating certain holidays. Our society is functioned where Christians become sensitive about different topics, leaving the secular society to ignore them. One controversial doctrine is the ability to speak in tongues. To my understanding, Paul reminded the church in Corinth that this was a gift from the Holy Spirit (Act 2, 1 Corinthians 12:10). However, most Christians criticize their counterparts for not using this gift from God, assuming that they will not go to Heaven. The problem with this assumption is that it is limiting one task the Holy Spirit does; if I am not mistaken, Paul mentioned nine gifts of the Holy Spirit. They are prophesying, wisdom vocabulary, knowledge, faith, healing, miracles, discerning spirits; the last two are speaking and interpreting tongues (1 Corinthians 12). Paul does mention that if anyone had the same gift, just as if we all are one part of the body of Christ, then we would not function. Instead, God has given us different gifts to different people who are willing to use their giftsShow MoreRelatedEssay about Christendom and The Song of Roland1119 Words   |  5 Pagestakes us to the journey of Mediev al Europe, when religion becomes an important element for the formation of proto-Europe. Religion plays a crucial role in The Song of Roland and becomes the reason of criticism. Some readers might take this poem as a religious text, whereas, for some reader it is a fictional literary work and contain ideological perspective. The Song of Roland cannot be consider as a religious text, however, the poet uses religion for formation of national identity, military propagandaRead MoreIconographical Analysis: Di Nardo, Adoration of the Magi1365 Words   |  6 PagesThe painting Adoration of the Magi by di Nardo portrays the three Magi approaching the baby Jesus and the Virgin Mary. However, there is much more to it than just this familiar scene from Judeo-Christian lore. When approaching this painting in order to analyze it iconographically, it is necessary to first look at all aspects of the form. If this aspect is ignored, it provides for an incomplete analysis of the painting. Once this is looked at, the iconography of the painting becomes much clearerRead MoreComplementary And Alternative Medicine ( Cam )1694 Words   |  7 Pageslethal. Illustrations incorporate new and conventional pharmaceutical practices, for example, homeopathy, naturopathy, chiropractic, vitality medication, different types of needle therapy, customary Chinese solution, Ayurvedic prescription, and Christian confidence mending. The medicines are those that are not part of the science-based human services framework, and are not plainly supported by investigative confirmation. Notwithstanding noteworthy uses on testing elective medication, including $2Read MoreThe Impact Of Life Of Jesus Christ1158 Words   |  5 Pageswas after his death when he had the most influence. His life and teachings were recorded and passed down for future generations, and that resulted in the formation of the largest religion on Earth today, Christianity. â€Å"A comprehensive demographic study of more than 200 c ountries finds that there are 2.18 billion Christians of all ages around the world, representing nearly a third of the estimated 2010 global population of 6.9 billion,† (â€Å"Global†). This shows that the life and leadership of Jesus wasRead MoreThe Transformation Of Colonialism In Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe1433 Words   |  6 PagesIn Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe, the text reveals the inefficiency of the colonial allegory and narrative as a means to authentically represent the colonizer’s perspective on colonial events. Instead, the text suggests that the narrative actually accounts for the colonized perspective, despite the colonizer’s efforts to silence their voices. As a means to depict the titular character as a model example of an effective colonizer, the text features a moment of resistance by the Native American characterRead MoreCorporate Fraud And The Effective Management Of Accounting And Finance Functions1679 Words   |  7 Page spractice is acceptable in order to earn money. Rules will say that misrepresentation of the financial situation is not acceptable, nor is the taking of imprudent financial risk nor not acting in good faith in banking operations†¦ (2017, p. 611). Geisler writes that ethical systems can be divided into two broad categories – teleological (end-centered) and deontological (duty-centered) (2010, p. 17). From a more narrow perspective, within these two categories lies deontology and utilitarianism, bothRead MoreShould Creation be Barred from Science Classrooms?1335 Words   |  5 Pages Bar Creation from Science Classrooms For decades, the debate of religion in public schools has run rampant through the American people, and it has swept the nation info a vicious battle between opposing political and moral ideals. The topic of creationism and the position that it should be taught as a well-supported theory opposing evolution (concerning the origin of species) is an especially heated subject of disagreement. However, the argument that creation is an acceptable scientific alternativeRead MoreElijah Hansen-Lints | | Hstam 112 | | 2.28.2017 | | Paper1897 Words   |  8 Pagesfaith and beliefs of the scholars. Most Christian scholars have consistently and unapologetically presented Islam and Muslim society as violent, evil, and idolatrous. The aim of this paper is to analyze how Islam and Muslim community is highlighted in the â€Å"Song of Roland† and the ‘Life of Saint Louis.† Both scholars depict Islam and Muslim society as unquestionably evil, very violent, not as brave as the Chris tians, and not as special and human as other Christians. The two authors differently achieveRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Wife Of Bath1521 Words   |  7 Pageswormes shende a tree, right so a wyf destroyeth hire housbonde (371-377). In the Middle Ages, women were not given much slack or authority regarding their morality, spirituality, and economic and social positioning. Biblical symbols caused a misrepresentation of women and were highly regarded in the suppressing of the female voice and their value outside of being a wife and mother. â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Tale† provides one of the most intriguing medieval cultural insights to gender studies. The readerRead MoreStereotypes And Their Formations, Use, And Practicality2014 Words   |  9 Pagesprior to 9/11, but their prejudices regarding the same, somehow strengthened following 9/11. The Media The representation of Muslims in the media has been a major concern in mainstream America culture. The media have played a major role in the misrepresentation of Muslims in the aftermath of â€Å"9/11†. â€Å"Media coverage of Islam-related issues has changed dramatically since the beginning of the new millennium, both in quantity and quality. The events of September 11, 2001, thrust Islam into the global media

Department of Immigration and Border Protection

Question: Discuss about the Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Answer: Introduction: Section 4AA of the family law 1975 defines the de facto relationship. According to this law a person or his partner who can be of opposite sex also, and are living together as a couple on genuine domestic basis. A relationship cannot be considered as de facto relationship if person is legally married with his partner or they have any family relations. According to Section 4AA of Family Law Act 1975: A person can be considered in de facto relationship with the other person if: Person must not legally marry with his partner. Person must not have any kind of family relations with his partner. Person lives with his partner as couple on genuine domestic basis. De facto partners can apply for the visa after fulfilling the following requirements: Partners must live together for one year before applying for the visa. Partners must mention the history of relationship through assigned document. Financial arrangements between the partners are considered. Any responsibility related to care and support of the childrens. Reputation of their relationship in public. How much commitment and understanding is between the couple. In this case Jason Bourne is an Australian citizen who travelled to Britain and Europe for two years. In Nice Jason met with the Emma Brielle, a French citizen and they fall in love with each other. They started living together in an apartment for 6 months, because Jason returns back to the Australia because of bad health of his mother. It is necessary in case of de facto relationship partners that live together for one year, but in this case Jason and Emma live together only for six months. Therefore Emma Brielle is not qualified for de facto partner of Jason. Jason can get exemption from the requirement of one year relationship in following cases: Circumstances which are Compelling and compassionate are there on behalf of which visa can be grant to the applicant. Registration of relationship under a state law or territory prescribed in the Interpretation Regulations 2008. Partner of applicant is or was the holder of the permanent humanitarian visa and he must be in de facto relationship, before the visa was granted to the applicant. Partner is an applicant of permanent humanitarian visa. Compelling and compassionate circumstances are not clearly define, in this circumstances of the case are assessed. Emma parents can move to Australia by applying in category of parent visa. Following are the requirements to applying in parent category visa: Applicants child is an Australian citizen, permanent resident of Australia or eligible citizen of New Zealand. Child of person who applied for visa must be living in Australia at least for two years before lodging of application by applicant. Applicant have sponsor. Applicant must meet the requirements of family test criteria. Applicant must meet the requirements of health and character. There are two types of options are available to the Emma: Parent visa (subclass 103): applicant can apply for parent category visa if: applicant can live in Australia for the period of 2 years as temporary resident or permanently as an Australian resident. Processing time is 30 years. Contributory Parent Visa (subclass 143): applicant can apply in this category of visa if: Applicant have sponsor. Applicant must meet the requirements of family test criteria. Applicant must meet the requirements of health and character. Applicant is ready to pay the extra charges for visa application. Processing Time: In this category applications for visa are entertained according to the date of lodgment. Contributory Parent Visa (subclass 143) is the best option for Emma to sponsor. Emmas parents can live permanently in Australia. This visa has following other benefits also: Permanent stay in Australia Applicant or any family member can study and work in Australia. Applicant or any family member can enroll in Medicare. Applicant or any family member can apply for Australian citizenship. Applicant or any family member can sponsor their relatives for permanent residence. Family members can migrate to Australia by relative visa category. Emma can sponsor her sister for Remaining Relative visa (subclass 115).this visa is available for people who want to live permanently in Australia with their near relatives. Following are the requirements for applying in this visa category: Applicant is from outside Australia. Applicants near relative are permanent resident of Australia or eligible citizens of New Zealand. Applicant near relative is ready to sponsor the applicant or all the family members of applicants. Applicant must have an assurance of support. Applicant and other family members of applicant must meet the health and character requirements. For this purpose near relatives includes applicant or applicants partner parents, brother, sister, or child. Bibliography Family Court of Australia, De facto relationships (3 may 2016) https://www.familycourt.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/fcoaweb/family-law-matters/separation-and-divorce/defacto-relationships/. Australian Government: Department Of Immigration And Border Protection, Fact sheet - One-year relationship requirement for https://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/35relationship. Australian Visa Bureau, Contributory Parent Visa Questions https://www.visabureau.com/australia/parent-visa-faq.aspx. Australian Government: Department Of Immigration And Border Protection, Parent Category visas https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Brin/Pare. Australian Government: Department Of Immigration And Border Protection, Parent visa (subclass 103) https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/103-#.